Study
Angel and colleagues (2014) used a randomized controlled trial to study the impact of face-to-face Restorative Justice Conferences (RJC) on victims’ measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in London, England, in collaboration with the London Metropolitan Police. Victims of burglary, aggravated burglary and robbery, with their perpetrators, were eligible to participate. Convicted persons were processed through the Crown Court where a pre-sentence report was used to determine eligibility for the victim and convicted person. Cases that were eligible were assigned to specially trained police constables who worked full time on RJCs.
The study sample consisted of 192 eligible victims. Victims were randomly assigned to the treatment group or control group. The treatment group consisted of 89 victims who received customary criminal processes coupled with the RJC. The control group consisted of 103 victims who received the customary criminal processes through the courts, and did not participate in any face-to-face RJC. Victims in the treatment group had a mean age of 39 years at random assignment. Females represented 51 percent of the treatment sample, and 84 percent were white. Burglary cases in the treatment group represented 66 percent while robbery cases represented the remaining 34 percent. Victims in the control group had a mean age of 39 years old. Females represented 58 percent of the control sample and 86 percent were white. In the control group, 69 percent were burglary cases and 31 percent were robbery cases.
To measure PTSS, a revised version of the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) was used one month after random assignment. This scale is designed to measure intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms in people who have experienced a fearful life event. IES-R is a well-validated, 22-item, self-report instrument with scores ranging from 0 to 88; higher scores indicate more severe clinical severity of PTSS and possible PTSD.
The study also used three sets of analyses to measure outcomes. First, an independent sample t-test was used to determine the prevalence of clinical levels of PTSS and differences in PTSS scores between the control and treatment groups. Second, the study used an independent sample t-test to analyze PTSS levels between the experiment and control groups 30 days after random assignment. For the third analysis, a standardized mean difference test was used to measure the magnitude of the differences in PTSS scores. No subgroup analyses were conducted.
Study
Shapland and colleagues (2008) used a randomized controlled trial to determine the impact of conference style restorative justice conferences (RJC) on reconviction rates in London, England. The face-to-face conferences targeted adults accused of burglary and street crimes such as robbery, attempted robbery, and theft. Each case was tried in the Crown Courts in Greater London after a verdict of guilty, but prior to sentencing.
Convicted persons and their victims who agreed to participate in the study were randomized into either the experiment group and received restorative justice services, or to the control group and did not receive any services. Those that received restorative justice services were contacted by Justice Research Consortium (JRC) staff for follow-up interviews 2 to 3 weeks after the initial conference. The follow-up call was used to discuss any difficulties following the conference or randomization.
Two randomized controlled trials were conducted: one involving burglary and one involving street crime (robbery, attempted robbery, theft from a person). The study sample consisted of a total of 186 individuals convicted of burglary. There were 92 individuals in the treatment group and 94 individuals in the control group. The study sample also consisted of 106 perpetrators of street crime. There were 53 who were randomly assigned to the treatment group, and 53 were assigned to the control group. There were no significant differences between the treatment and control groups.
Re-offending was measured by further offending resulting in an official reconviction. Administrative data from the Ministry of Justice was collected on the date each individual was released from prison and on any prison sentences received over the 2-year follow up. No subgroup analyses were conducted.
